SIPA Energy Association Welcome Message COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Energy Association Welcome Message COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog There are many student groups at SIPA that provide a place for discussion, debate, fun, networking, and friendship.   A full list of student groups can be found by clicking here.   One such group, the SIPA Energy Association, asked me to send out a message to incoming students that selected Energy and the Environment as a concentration.   However I thought it would be nice to post the message for all to view.   Orientation will feature a time to get to know representatives from other groups as well. Dear Incoming International Energy Management and Policy (IEMP) Track Student, On behalf of the SIPA Energy Association (SEA) Board, congratulations on your acceptance into the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) and on your choice to follow the IEMP Track.   The IEMP Track is one of the most prestigious energy programs in the world, and will equip you with the requisite skills to succeed in the dynamic international energy sector. I would like to take this opportunity to briefly introduce you to SEA, a student-run organization whose efforts (with your involvement) will positively complement your academic achievements.   The primary missions of SEA are 1) to build a closely-knit community of students and practitioners of energy, 2) to enhance the energy curriculum by conducting a broad spectrum of activities outside the classroom, and 3) to act as the collective voice of energy students vis-a-vis the Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy (CEMTPP), the body which administers the IEMP Track. SEA works closely with CEMTPPs director as well as the IEMP Program Assistant (PA), to schedule guest speakers, panels, site visits, energy-related international trips and much, much more.   Programming for the 2009-2010 academic year is already underway.   You can expect to attend the IEMP fall retreat, the Joint SIPA-SAIS Washington DC Energy Policy and Career Networking Trip, the Annual Alumni Dinner, the NYMEX trading competition, the Spring Energy Symposium and countless individual speakers, to name a few.   In addition, SEA releases a monthly student-run alumni newsletter, and plans to publish the first edition of a student-run SIPA Energy Journal this fall.   Finally, because SEA believes in building comradery amongst energy peers and establishing lasting relationships, we host countless happy hours throughout the year. How can you get involved?   SEA strives to foster a culture of commitment to the energy program.   Thus, we believe the more you become engaged in SEAs mission, the more you will gain personally and professionally during your time at SIPA.   In addition to attending general member events, all SEA members are invited to volunteer to assist with larger events, initiate and execute new projects (subject to the boards approval), or compete for various assistant director or editorial positions.   Please mark your calendars for the First General Member SEA Meeting, scheduled for Thursday, September 10th from 7-9 pm in SIPA IAB room 1512.   At this meeting, you will have the opportunity to meet SEA Board members and learn details about membership and involvement, dues, and perhaps most importantly, be entered into the listserv as well as into the SEA peer networking database to assist you in your career building activities. Until then, please feel free to contact one of the following SEA Board members (according to the first letter of your last name) with any questions about SEA, the IEMP Track and energy curriculum, CEMTPP, SIPA or regarding any other general issues.: Last name A-I contact JP Yorro (President): jpy2103 [at] columbia.edu Last name J-R contact Meaghan Casey (Vice President): mec2175 [at] columbia.edu Last name S-Z contact Jeffrey Klug (Director of Communications): jjk2162 [at] columbia.edu Again, congratulations on your acceptance into the program.   We look forward to meeting you all in September! Sincerely, JP Yorro President, SEA

This Paper Aimed To Explore The Concept Of Sustainability

This paper aimed to explore the concept of sustainability of nursing innovations guided by the concept analysis framework developed by Wilson (1969). Although attention in the literature of implementation science has arisen in a few decades, there is a need to identify a concrete definition to capture the essential elements in the concept of nursing innovations sustainability. This paper will present the connotative definitions and attributes, operational definition, antecedents, consequences, exemplar cases, contributes to nursing science and practice, and suggestions to further development of the concept. Background There are many intervention study focus on investigating the effectiveness of nursing interventions. The field of†¦show more content†¦Because the sustainability is an essential issue when developing nursing innovations. It is important for nursing scientists to have a clear operational definition and understand the boundary of the concept. Therefore, this analysis isolated questions of concept: (1) What is sustainability of nursing innovations and how is it defined (a question of fact); (2) Is sustainability of nursing innovations directly related to patient outcomes (a question of value) (3) What are the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of the concept (a question of concept). Methods The Wilson’s method of concept analysis was used to understand what’s the critical attributes, and through different cases to illustrate how nursing innovations sustainability been defined in nursing practice and research. While in the current literature, the concept of sustainability of nursing innovation has no clear boundaries of analysis and about the outcomes of sustainability is still in a debate. The analytic framework outlined by Wilson contains 11 techniques in steps which are: (1) Isolate the questions of concept (Step 1), (2) Develop right answers to the questions (Step 2), then identify the uses of the concept (Step 3), and apply with (3) Model cases, (4) Contrary cases, (5) Related cases, (6) Borderline cases, (7) Invented cases, (8) Social context, (9) Underlying anxiety, (10) Practical results, (11) Results in language, and then conduct an internalShow MoreRelatedWhy Sustainability Is An Essential Part Within The Business World1596 Words   |  7 PagesD espite the lack of understanding about sustainability in our modern society this concept has been adopted by many organizations around the world for centuries and it has significant meanings in the operation of the business world. The idea is to run a business in a way that guarantees the future security of the planet as well as the business by managing its monetary, environment and social frameworks effectively. Hence, the main goal of sustainable business is to continuously strive to have a positiveRead MoreOperations of Goodwill Industries International1190 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of the operations of Goodwill Industries International is an independent, not-for-profit organizations that provides employment placement services, job training as well as other community-based programs for individuals who are disabled, lack education or any job experience or face employment challenges. Our analysis indicated that the huge gap or disparity be tween CEO and average employee pay resulted in low motivation among the workers.The paper exploresRead MoreSupply Chain Management And Operation Management1374 Words   |  6 Pageschain management and operation management have become integral components as far as organizational competitiveness is concerned. This paper will begin by offering a literature review about supply chain management and operations management. Then, the paper will explore various issues within the Airbus company and analyze the identified issues by apply SCOM concept. The paper will also identify specific best/worst practices in the Aerospace industry before offering actionable short-term and long-termRead MoreEmployment Relations Assignment : The Work Of Trade Unions1481 Words   |  6 Pages1001EHR Employment Relations Assignment: Essay Mackenzie Cahill, s5016520, word count: 1510 â€Å"University graduates should join a union when they get their first real job. Critically evaluate†. The work of trade unions is aimed at educating and protecting the rights of employees and their working conditions. However, decline in union membership is a growing international problem, with the reasonable assumption that workers will be more successful in their fight for decent conditionsRead MoreInterim Report of the Factors Influencing the Success of Community Tourism in South Africa1890 Words   |  8 Pages30 November 2009 Submitted by: FinnGroup Ltd Group 3 Helin Henrietta 09163185 Mà ¤kinen Outi 07083938 Raudaskoski Heli 09163176 Tuominen Katja-Mirjami 07084112 Introduction In this consultancy report we will discuss about the concepts of community tourism and pro-poor tourism and their sustainability both in general and in the context of South Africa. The first section of the report introduces sustainable tourism development and its current trends. The next section discusses communityRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility and Apples Business Practices1711 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience between the user and the computer by being the pioneers in this field. For two decades, Apple Inc ruled the computer manufacturing frontier for two decades. However, it did face low sales and market share in the 1990s. Steve Jobs had left the firm in the 1980s and returned in 1996 as the Chief Executive Officer. He brought about a revolution in the electronics music industry with the invention of the Ipod in 2001. He aimed for innovative products with simple, unique designs that offered aRead MoreAutomobile Industry : A Human Capacity1458 Words   |  6 Pagesself-go verning vehicles (AVs) that can explore parkways and urban situations with no immediate human information. Profoundly, mechanized vehicle improvement is progressively discovering its way into customer vehicles as dynamic security, driver help frameworks, and constrained robotized driving components. If these advancements become effective and enters the mass market, Autonomous vehicles can possibly dramatically change transportation. This paper is aimed at giving situations concerning automobileRead MoreImpact Of Plastic Garbage On The Environment Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesand anorganic waste such as ceramics and metals. This paper seeks to explore the impact of plastic garbage on the environment and suggest solutions that may be implemented to safeguard the environment. The concept of garbage may be regarded as a human concept as there seems to be no such thing as garbage in nature. The waste products created by a natural process or organism quickly becomes the raw materials used in other processes and organisms. This implies that recycling is predominant thus productionRead MoreA Study On Corporate Governance2805 Words   |  12 PagesIt is indeed a great pleasure for me to undertake this dissertation on â€Å"Corporate Governance: An insight to the product market innovation in competition† It has been a great learning process for me and I have learnt number of useful thing during my research. I would like to take this opportunity to extend a word of my gratitude to my esteemed faculty Ms. Garima goswami who had been a constant source of inspiration for me in the pursuance of this dissertation. Mam has been gracious enough to guideRead MoreTeaching Sustainability For Children : A Transdisciplinarity Inquiry3779 Words   |  16 PagesI need to turn this document into an essay. It was just a rough draft to get ideas from literature read. I also need to put them it categories and have subtitles and even flow to document. Please add and take out what is not needed. Teaching Sustainability to Children: A Transdisciplinarity Inquiry Essay Debby Flickinger TSD 6526 ECOLOGY OF IDEAS California Institute of Integral Studies Abstract I was inspired by my own transpersonal experiences

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 1365 Words

September 11, 2001 or one may say the â€Å"911 â€Å"attack happened on that day. Al Qaeda killed nearly over 3,000 people. The victims were innocent men, women, children, and also people from all different ethnic backgrounds. Who are we, the community to blame responsible for these terrorist attacks? Throughout the years passing by 911 had important factors of change socially, economically and personally. What is terrorism? Not only U.S faces terrorism attacks. Most governments all over the world have been challenged by the issue. . Terrorism can be described as violence by a group of people or certain individuals to achieve certain goals. It’s often a destruction of another country for selfish motives. The 9/11 attack on the twin tower happened on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. This was a terrorist attack planned by al- Qaeda. They had four planes, according to the article â€Å"9/11 Ten Years On - The Health Effects on Rescue Workers â€Å"Written by Christian Nordgvist. Terrorists that belonged to al-Qaeda hijacked four planes. Two of the planes were purposely crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center within two hours both towers collapsed. Their next plan was to hijack another plane and the plane also crashed into the Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia. Finally, the last plane failed their intentions. The passengers were able take control of the plane, but the plane somehow crashed in a field. â€Å"The attacks resulted in the deaths of almost 3,000 people† according to theShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder980 Words   |  4 PagesToday we are here to figure out why is it that past events are the triggers that cause Post Traumatic Stress Disorde r. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that some people get after seeing or undergoing a dangerous event. There are various symptoms that begin to show or actions that can give a clear answer whether one may be diagnosed with this disorder. One of the many problems is that no age range is safe from suffering PTSD. One must ask themselves what set of events happenedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder851 Words   |  3 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder Introduction â€Å"There are currently over 400,000 Veterans in treatment for PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and it is estimated that with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars there is an additional 33% increase in our returning soldiers.† Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has become a severe issue for veterans returning from overseas. One of the most effective, yet unused resources given to veterans to help them cope with their disorder is specially trained dogs. TheseRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder884 Words   |  4 Pagesof traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes.† (NIMH) Families of veterans struggle to help their loved ones. â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder caused by a person’s exposure to life-threatening or otherwise traumatic circumstances.† (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder affectsRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder1630 Words   |  7 Pagesare now accessing mental health services for the treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) defined by DSM-IV-TR is â€Å"characterised by the re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event accompanied by symptoms of increased arousal and by avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma† (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000). There are many impacts and effects this disorder has on refugees requiring treatment, interventions, education andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1004 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent criteria of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has changed since the DSM-IV. In the DSM-V, the diagnostic criteria draws a clearer line when detailing what establishes a traumatic event. The DSM-V pays more attention to the behavioral symptoms that accompany PTSD and proposes four distinct diagnostic cluster s instead of three. They are described as re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and arousal. Re-experiencing is the spontaneous memories of the traumatic event, recurrentRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1086 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst hand the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is not possible to respond to emergency after emergency and not be subject to some of PTSD’s effects. When I saw this topic in the list I felt compelled to use this opportunity to learn more. My hope is by increasing my knowledge, of a disorder so prevalent in my career field; I can recognize the symptoms in others and myself before there effect becomes devastating. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD as it is more commonly referredRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Trau matic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course it

The Botany of Desire Free Essays

America. He also explains how human manipulation of the plant has weakened it, so that â€Å"modern apples require more pesticide than any other food crop. † I think the most standing out argument in this chapter is John Chapman insisted planting the apples from seeds although the fruit will taste bitter rather than sweet. We will write a custom essay sample on The Botany of Desire or any similar topic only for you Order Now He wanted to preserve the apple’s wildness. This phenomenon led to the apple wine is permeated in the most American families. However, some apple trees were planted by grafting buds onto young tree stalk to satisfy people’s desire for sweetness. The intended audience of the book is people who study in biology and environmental, or anyone wish to learn about how to view the world by using a plant’s eye and what is the role of plants in our lives. The author’s purpose Is to inform the domestication of the apple and entertain people by using a plant’s eye to view the world. In addition, the author persuade grower don’t plant the apple only to satisfy the people’s desire of sweetness because stripped of the genetic diversity plants rely on to survive disease, the relatively few popular apple varieties grown in monoculture have become increasingly vulnerable to Insects, bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, according to this chapter, â€Å"The next best world, though, Is the one that preserves the quality of wildness itself, It only because It Is upon wildness-of all This opinion Indicates the author don’t support the artificial modify. However, he changes his tone. He thinks If there Is no civilization without wildness. He considers the complex relationships between human and natural. The author combines literary, historical, and scientific references to attract audience to ponder, Is the human domesticate nature or contrary. In Pollen’s writing, he supports that man and nature will use of each other. The Botany of Desire By Laughing of plants in our lives. The author’s purpose is to inform the domestication of the increasingly vulnerable to insects, bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, according to this chapter, â€Å"The next best world, though, is the one that preserves the quality of wildness itself, it only because it is upon wildness-of all things†(Pollen). This opinion indicates the author don’t support the artificial modify. However, he changes his tone. He thinks if there is no civilization without wildness. He considers the complex and scientific references to attract audience to ponder, is the human domesticate How to cite The Botany of Desire, Papers

The Name that Defines Me Essay Example For Students

The Name that Defines Me Essay August 11, 1998. The date when I was born, the date when suddenly I became somebody in the world, the thing is who was I? My parents were very capricious at the time, and well they still didnt have a name for me. Problem birth certificate. Technically speaking you don’t exist without one. So my parents were stuck in a dilemma because they couldnt decide what to name their baby girl. My mother, as usual, turned to God for help, a little late for my taste I was already a few hours old. She said, â€Å"Lord you are the creator and judge of all things, you are my father and I pray you give me the enlightenment to name my daughter something beautiful, something unique and special† That’s when it hit her she remembered that a few of her friends were talking about baby names and their meanings, and one of them meant â€Å"God is my judge† DANIELA. She immediately told my father, and well the name stuck. Growing up my friends and family always called me Daniela, no short version, no nicknames, nothing just plain and simple Daniela. We will write a custom essay on The Name that Defines Me specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But that was more of a sojourn, by the time I was 6 and moved to the US, Daniela just seemed too complicated, too sophisticated, and frankly way too long for a kindergartener. So I decided to just chop it off and simple it down to just, Dany. (So much better right. ) From then on being called anything but Dany was abhorrent, I was extremely finicky as a child, and well sometimes I still am, depends on the situation of course. At first I thought I was the only Daniela in the world, I didnt think anybody else deserved MY name. That all changed when one day I heard a lady call out my name and it was not meant towards me I was a little puzzled and I got mad. (Selfish I know, but then again I was only 4 I think) I immediately went over to my mother and complained that somebody had stolen my name. I was being extremely truculent, and my mother of course, said I was being egoistic and that no, I was not the only Daniela in the world.. Well that was a bummer for me, but indeed she was right, in the US it is ranked as the 200th most popular name and in Mexico it’s the 5th so quite a lot of girls do indeed own â€Å"my† name as well. I mean having so much popularity, especially in Latin America and Spain, you would suppose there’s a lot of celebrities that have my name right? Well the sad truth is that they do not.. The only celebrity that I know of is Daniela Romo, and shes only well known in Mexico and Latin America. Other than that, no not really. I mean theres the male version of my name, Daniel, like Daniel Radcliff does that count? Probably not Still you gotta give me some credit here. Daniel is Harry Potter for crying out loud..! Now as most of you all know, I’m Mexican, and that plays a huge role in my name. In my country we use both our mother and our fathers’ last names, your paternal last name is first and then it’s your maternal. Like so: Garza Mendoza. Now in Mexico most last names are popular in different regions of the country, for example, in Monterrey there is an abundance of families with the the last name Garza. I was not born in Monterrey, but my fathers family is indeed from there. We call these people that live in the north â€Å"los regios† and I’m known as a â€Å"chilanga† because I was born in Mexico City. My mothers last name, well maiden last name, Mendoza is most common in Michoacà ¡n which is located in the center of Mexico just like Mexico City, Guadalajara, Pachuca, etc.. .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 , .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 .postImageUrl , .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 , .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04:hover , .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04:visited , .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04:active { border:0!important; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04:active , .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04 .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud9d1d1d7acadf9d2ce68d9e813a2fe04:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Looking Glass Wars EssayBut both of my last names did not originate in Mexico, instead they are both created in Spain in the 1st century so yes both of my last names are very very old Juan de la Garza was the first man with that last name to sail to America in 1514, and later on many more migrated to the new world. I personally don’t know many people with my last names that arent part of my family, but either way I am proud of my name, and I am pleased that my parents chose to call me Daniela, or Dany in my terms, it’s simple, unique, and beautiful. It suits me and my personality. It defines me and makes me who I am. This is me Daniela.

Spoken English - Definition and Examples

Spoken English s Definition: The ways in which the English language is transmitted through a conventional system of sounds. Compare to written English. Spoken English, says linguist David Crystal, is the more natural and widespread mode of transmission, though ironically the one which most people find much less familiarpresumably because it is so much more difficult to see what is happening in speech than in writing (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed., 2003). In recent years, linguists have found it easier to see what is happening in speech through the availability of corpus resourcescomputerized databases containing real life examples of both spoken and written English. The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999) is a contemporary reference grammar of English based on a large-scale corpus. The study of speech sounds (or spoken language) is the branch of linguistics known as phonetics. The study of sound changes in a language is phonology. See also: Speech (Linguistics)ColloquialConversationConversation AnalysisDialogueKey Events in the History of the English LanguagePresent-Day English (PDE)Standard EnglishVernacularWhat Is Standard English? Examples and Observations: Academic Bias Against Spoken English[L]inguists have inevitably had a long-standing and intensive contact with standard English. The nature of standard English as primarily a written variety, together with the immersion of academics in written English, does not augur well for their recognition of structures that may be more typical of spoken English than written English.(Jenny Cheshire, Spoken Standard English. Standard English: The Widening Debate, ed. by Tony Bex and Richard J. Watts. Routledge, 1999) The Relationship Between Spoken and Written English[I]n the course of the languages history, the relationship between spoken and written English has come nearly full circle. Throughout the Middle Ages, written English predominately served transcript functions, enabling readers to represent earlier spoken words or (oral) ceremony, or to produce durable records of events, ideas, or spoken exchange. By the seventeenth century, the written (and printed) word was developing its own autono mous identity, a transformation that matured in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and first half of the twentieth centuries. (However, through at least the end of the nineteenth century, spoken rhetorical skills were also seen as critically important to people with social and educational aspirations.) Since World War II, written English (at least in America) has increasingly come to reflect everyday speech. While writing on-line with computers has hastened this trend, computers didnt initiate it. As writing growingly mirrors informal speech, contemporary spoken and written English are losing their identity as distinct forms of language.(Naomi S. Baron, Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where Its Heading. Routledge, 2000) Teaching IlliteracyOne main danger is that spoken English continues to be judged by the codified standards of written English, and that teaching pupils to speak standard English may, in fact, be to teach them to speak in formal written English. A test of spoken English may become a test of ones abilities to speak a very restricted codea formal English used routinely by dons, civil servants, and cabinet ministers. It is not very far removed from the language of formal debate. Such a view of spoken English can produce an artificial and unnatural English and can even promote a kind of illiteracy which is as damaging to users of English as not being able to write literate English; for to have everyone speaking and writing only one codea standard written English codegenerates an illiteracy almost as grave as would be the case if everyone were only able to use a local dialect.(Ronald Carter, Investigating English Discourse: Language, Literacy, and Literature. Routledge, 1997) Henry Sweet on Spoken English (1890)The unity of spoken English is still imperfect: it is still liable to be influenced by local dialectsin London itself by the cockney dialect, in Edinburgh by the Lothian Scotch dialect, and so on. . . . [I]t changes from generation to generation, and is not absolutely uniform even among speakers of the same generation, living in the same place and having the same social standing.(Henry Sweet, A Primer of Spoken English, 1890) The Value of Teaching Spoken English (1896)Not only should English grammar be taught with reference to the nature of language and the history of English, but it should also take account of the spoken, as distinct from the written, form. The reasons for this seem to me many and excellent. For instance, it is a misfortune that the English language makes its appeal to the educated mind, mainly through the written and printed form. The appeal to the ear and the appeal to the eye, which should strengthen one another, are thus distinctly separate and divergent. Our orthography encourages this separation. It is, therefore, the more important that textbooks of grammar should make some attempt to counteract this tendency.(Oliver Farrar Emerson, The Teaching of English Grammar, 1896) The Lighter Side of Spoken EnglishIf Opals goin to be a school-teacher, mebbe she wants summat to practice on, grinned her father.Oh, Pa, you mustnt say summatit isnt a word, remonstrated his daughter.Aint a word ! shouted her father with increasing excitement. Well, hear that! How do you know it aint a word?It isnt in the dictionary, said Opal.Shucks, disparaged Pa, whats the dictionary got to do with it? The words that git into the dictionary aint common talkin words nohow; theyre written wordsnobody puts talk into a dictionary.Why not? questioned Opal, astonished at her fathers apparent knowledge of the making of dictionaries.Cause why? Cause spoken words is too lively for emwho can go round and keep track of every word thats spoke? I can make up a hull mouthful myself, and no dictionaryll ever know anything about itsee?(Bessie R. Hoover, A Graduated Daughter. Everybodys Magazine, December 1909)

Learn about the Famous Resort Country of Monaco

Learn about the Famous Resort Country of Monaco Population: 32,965 (July 2009 estimate)Capital: MonacoArea: 0.77 square miles (2 sq km)Bordering Country: FranceCoastline: 2.55 miles (4.1 km)Highest Point: Mont Agel at 460 feet (140 m)Lowest Point: Mediterranean SeaMonaco is a small European country located between southeastern France and the Mediterranean Sea. It is considered the second smallest country in the world (after Vatican City) by area. Monaco has only one official city which is its capital and is famous as being a resort area for some of the worlds richest people. Monte Carlo, an administrative area of Monaco, is the countrys most famous area due to its location on the French Riviera, its casino, the Monte Carlo Casino, and several beach and resort communities.History of MonacoMonaco was first founded in 1215 as a Genoan colony. It then came under the control of the House of Grimaldi in 1297 and remained independent until 1789. In that year, Monaco was annexed by France and was under French control until 1814. In 1815, Monaco became a protectorate of Sardinia under the Treaty of Vienna. It remained a protectorate until 1861 when the Franco-Monegasque Treaty established its independence but it remained under the guardianship of France.Monacos first constitution was put into effect in 1911 and in 1918 it signed a treaty with France which stated that its government would support French military, political and economic interests and that if the Grimaldi dynasty (which still controlled Monaco at the time) were to die out, the country would remain independent but be under French protection.Throughout the mid 1900s, Monaco was controlled by Prince Rainier III (who took over the throne on May 9, 1949). Prince Rainier is most famous for his marriage to American actress Grace Kelly in 1956 who was killed in a car accident near Monte Carlo in 1982.In 1962, Monaco established a new constitution and in 1993 it became a member of the United Nations. It then joined the Council of Europe in 2003. In April 2005, Prince Rainier III died. He was the longest serving monarch in Europe at the time. In July of the same year his son, Prince Albert II ascended the throne.Government of MonacoMonaco is considered a constitutional monarchy and its official name is the Principality of Monaco. It has an executive branch of government with a chief of state (Prince Albert II) and a head of government. It also has a legislative branch with a unicameral National Council and a judicial branch with a Supreme Court.Monaco is also divided into four quarters for local administration. The first of these is Monaco-Ville which is the old city of Monaco and sits on a headland in the Mediterranean. The other quarters are La Condamine on the countrys port, Fontvieille, which is a newly build area, and Monte Carlo which is Monacos largest residential and resort area.Economics and Land Use in MonacoA large part of Monacos economy is focused on tourism as it is a popular European resort area. In addition, Monaco is also a large banking center, has no income tax and has low taxes for its businesses. Ind ustries other than tourism in Monaco include construction and industrial and consumer products on a small scale. There is no large scale commercial agriculture in the country.Geography and Climate of MonacoMonaco is the worlds second smallest country by area and is surrounded on three sides by France and on one by the Mediterranean Sea. It is located only 11 miles (18 km) from Nice, France and is close to Italy as well. Most of Monacos topography is rugged and hilly and its coastal portions are rocky.Monacos climate is considered Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The average low temperature in January 47 °F (8 °C) and the average high temperature in July is 78 °F (26 °C).More Facts about Monaco Monaco is one of the most densely populated countries in the world Locals from Monaco are called Monà ©gasques Monà ©gasques are not allowed to enter Monte Carlos famous Monte Carlo Casino and visitors must show their foreign passports upon entry The French make up the largest part of Monacos populationReferencesCentral Intelligence Agency. (2010, March 18). CIA - The World Factbook - Monaco. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mn.htmlInfoplease. (n.d.). Monaco: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107792.htmlUnited States Department of State. (2010, March). Monaco (03/10). Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3397.htm