Literary Analysis of “a Rose for Emily” - 1277 Words

Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Rose For Emily† The short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, by William Faulkner, is told by an unnamed narrator and broken into five sections. The story is not chronological, but completely out of order, adding mystery and climax. The first section begins with the death of the main character, Emily Grierson, and relates the thoughts and actions of the small Southern U.S. town. A flawed relationship between the town and Miss Emily is seen throughout the story. The tension between the town (society) and Emily is a main reason for her recluse and insanity. It is evident from the first line of the story that there is a connection between Miss Emily Grierson and the town she lived in. The opening sentence states that when†¦show more content†¦These slanderers abused Emily by stating, â€Å"Poor Emily. Her kinsfolk should come to her.† (394). Emily was quite aware of the insults for she saw these people whispering and peaking at her behind their blinds. She knew her status in the town and the situation. The narrator states, â€Å"she carried her head high enough† even when they knew the gossip had finally gotten to her. Being an emotionally fragile and self-conscious woman, the slander was devastating. Eventually, people in the town wrote to her cousins whom she had fallen-out with long ago. When her cousins came and visited, Emily did two things, however separated by Faulkner into sections three and four. In section three, Emily went to the druggist and bought poison. The town, thinking she would kill herself said, â€Å"it would be the best thing† (395). Then, in section four, Emily went â€Å"to the jewler’s and ordered a man’s toilet set in silver† (395), and the town believed her and Homer Barron were going to get married. The narrator states, â€Å"We were really glad.† (395). After the cousins left, and Homer Barron came back to town (he had left to get away from the cousins), Homer was seen going into Emily’s house by a neighbor. â€Å"That was the last we saw of Homer Barron. And of Miss Emily for some time† (395), stated the narrator. Emily did not have contact with people in the town, â€Å"save for a period of six or sev en years, when she was about forty, during which she gave lessons in china-painting† (395). Then she gave upShow MoreRelatedEssay on â€Å"a Rose for Emily† Literary Analysis743 Words   |  3 PagesCameron Barba Ms. Carunchio English 11B 12 February 2009 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Literary Analysis In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, William Faulkner uses setting, character development, and stylistic devices to express the mystery of Emily and the somewhat gossip-obsessed attitude the townspeople have towards Emily. Faulkner uses the setting to convey the mystery surrounding Emily and her actions. For example, Faulkner writes â€Å" knocked at the door through which no visitor had passed since she ceased givingRead MoreA Rose for Emily: Literary Analysis Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Literary Analysis In William Faulkner’s story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† his main character Miss Emily Grierson’s deranged behavior leaves the reader questioning her mental status. Emily comes from a family with high expectations of her a sort of â€Å"hereditary obligation† (30). Emily has been mentally manipulated by her as so indicated in the line of the story â€Å"we did not say she was crazy then we believed she had to do that we remember all the young menRead MoreA Rose For Emily Literary Analysis957 Words   |  4 Pagesbelongs in the Realism era in the American Literary Canon. His writing was influence by his Southern upbringing, often setting his stories in the fictional Southern town, Yoknapatawpha County. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† was one of Faulkner’s first published pieces and displays many of the now signature characteristics of Faulkner’s writing. The short story provides commentary through the use of many symbols. In William Faulkner’s short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, the author uses the townspeople as a representationRead MoreA Rose For Emily Literary Analysis975 Words   |  4 Pages In the short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† William Faulkner uses a modernistic style of writing combined with Southern Gothic themes to show how strange or â€Å"perverse† of a character Emily Grierson is. The story is split into five parts which all take place throughout Emily’s life. These five parts are not in chronological order. Not until the story is looked at in chronological order will the reader understand the full personality and life of Emily Grierson. The first and last thing the reader seesRead MoreA Rose For Emily Literary Analysis875 Words   |  4 Pagesnew ideas allows for both the individual and society to progress. William Faulkner packs the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† with different types of literary devices that describes the fight against change in the post-U.S. Civil War South. Faulkner’s story takes place in the Southern town of Jefferson Mississippi in the late 1800’s, early 1900’s. The symbolism of the primary characters (Emily Grierson, her father and the Grierson estate) chronicles how difficult change is in Jefferson. Assuming a darkRead MoreEssay A Rose for Emily: Literary Analysis 2990 Words   |  4 PagesENG 102 Analysis Research Paper 09-25-10 Literary Analysis William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† carries a theme represented by a dying breed of that era, while using symbolism to represent tragedy, loneliness and some form of pride, the story also shows how far one will go to have the approval of others and the pursuit of happiness. In today’s times, a person’s image could mean everything in life and almost everyone tries to fit into the main stream in some form at some pointRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour And A Rose For Emily Literary Analysis1297 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopins The Story of an Hour and William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily tells the story of women who face isolation and struggle with their own terms of freedom upon the death of a male figure in their life. Louise and Emily come from different time periods, backgrounds, and have different experiences, yet both share commonality in that they have let themselves be affected by the unrealistic expectations placed on them as traditional ladies. Both of these characters are commonly misconstruedRead MoreA Rose for Emily889 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis for â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Sometimes a Rose is Not a Rose: A Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner, the negative impact of Emily’s upbringing by an overprotective father, leads to incredible pattern in her life and the obvious mental illness that takes over as she not so graciously ages. While written in five sections, the first and last section is written in present time, and the three middle sectionsRead MoreA Tale of Terror 1087 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† a short story about the odd Emily Grierson, a once well-respected woman in a small southern town, takes readers into a whirlwind of a story leading up to a horrifying discovery about Miss Emily’s secretive demeanor. Through his characterization of Miss Emily, his descriptions of the setting, and his use of foreshadowing, Faulkner effectively develops â€Å"A Rose for Emily† into a horrific tale. The first way that Faulkner organizes â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is in his characterizationRead MoreThe Mystery of the Rose and the Narrator in A Rose for Emily by Faulkner1182 Words   |  5 PagesWhile one of the most traditional interpretations of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is the variety of meanings for the â€Å"rose† presented in the title and how the â€Å"rose† fits in with the story. Laura Getty states in her article many varied perspectives that many could ponder when identifying what the â€Å"rose† stands for. She states many possible theories that depict what the â€Å"rose† means, including theories of other writers that help support her own theory and also that adds another way that most might not consider

The Cost Of A College Education - 764 Words

Often students don’t believe they can afford college. Their parents don’t have the money to assist them and they know working a part time job isn’t going to cover the cost of a college education. These students should have the same opportunities as everyone else which is why the government has setup some programs for students that are in need of financial assistance. Many students may wonder what kinds of federal grants are available. There are a number of grants available; some of these are Federal Pell grants, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (FSEOG), Teach Education (TEACH) grants, and Iraq and Afghanistan Service Grants. These grants are offered by the US Department of Education(ED). These programs†¦show more content†¦This particular grant is a grant that requires the student to take certain kinds of classes to receive the grant. Once the TEACH grant is awarded, the student is required to obtain a certain type of job for a certain amount of time to prevent the grant from turning into a loan. This particular grant was established to assist students with college that plan to become a teacher in a high ended field in a low-income area. By accepting this grant, if you fail to teach for a certain amount of time the grant will turn into a direct subsidized loan that you will have to pay back. Lastly, there are programs and funds available to our former military members. The Iraq and Afghanistan service grant is for students that had a parent or guardian that died due to serving in a military service in Iraq or Afghanistan. Much like other federal grants, Iraq and Afghanistan service members are provided grant money to be used for college or career school students. This money is to assist in paying for their educational expenses. Another question you may hear often is, what steps should you take in applying for federal grants? There is two steps to applying for federal grants. Well the first step you will take in getting a federal grant is to submit a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). FAFSA is income based and normally if you have a low income, andShow MoreRelatedThe Cost Of College Education1362 Words   |  6 Pages In fact, what if I told you that a post secondary education can be of no cost to you or your parents, meaning no high interest rates, or additional fees to pay back. All you need is the desire to better your circumstances. No loan applications and debt required! Well, I wish that had been offered this proposition before graduating high school, and not worry about whether or not my parents could afford to send me to a traditional 4-year college. We are all currently sitting in this classroom to satisfyRead MoreThe Cost Of A College Education1265 Words   |  6 PagesIt is obvi ous to anyone who looks that the cost of a college education is rising at an alarming rate. Increased tuitions, decreased government funding, and increased institutional debt contribute to a $1 trillion student debt crises. These factors, along with critical mismanagement of funds on the part of Universities create an environment where education has risen at more than twice the rate of inflation. By examining educational institutions finances, we can begin to understand the problem, andRead MoreThe Cost Of College Education857 Words   |  4 PagesVermont said, â€Å"The cost of college education today is so high that many young people are giving up their dream of going to college, while many others are graduating deeply in debt† (â€Å"Brainy Quote†). Each year students take out loans to pay for a college education. Is it really necessary? They are just going to be a statistic. I believe everyone should not go to college. College is not for everyone. I believe everyone should not go to college. Not everyone should go to college. Most jobs do not needRead MoreThe Cost Of College Education1340 Words   |  6 PagesAs the cost of college education continues to rise exponentially year-by-year, politicians are talking about either or not to make it free. Presidential candidates like Bernie Sanders raise the point of making all public colleges free, and others like Hillary just want to end student debt. Making college a free and accessible to anyone sounds like a great idea, in theory, but in the United States it is not so feasible. At least; not the way some politicians plan on making it free. Reasons for whichRead MoreThe Cost Of College Education1375 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The cost of college education today is so high that many young people are giving up their dream of going to college, while many others are graduating deeply in debt.† by Bernie Sanders (College). As the famous candidate for presidency says, college education may serve a greater purpose, but the increase in unpayable debt is an issue for young adults who have a hard time in finding a reasonable payment plan when student loans exceed the living costs. Student debt has exceeded from 2003 to 2012 byRead MoreCollege Education Is Worth The Cost Of College926 Words   |  4 Pagesidea that they will go to college. However, few individuals take the time to think about the essence of a college education. For some people college education is worth it whiles for others it may not be worth the cost. General assumption of not making it to college and still making it in life has now become a wise saying for desperate people who have decided to chase money but not a career. A recent s tudy emphasized that one can eventually make it without going to college but how many people do makeRead MoreIs A College Education Worth The Cost?1283 Words   |  6 PagesIs a College Education Worth the Cost? Have you ever just stopped to think about what it must be like to be â€Å"qualified† for a job yet be unemployed and homeless? Starving on the streets because you paid everything you had to an institution that was supposed to guarantee a better life, a more stable and successful career. Obviously this is an extreme case, not everyone who pays for college ends up living on the streets and broke, but almost every college graduate is in debt. For as long as collegeRead MoreCollege Education Worth The Cost960 Words   |  4 Pages College Education Worth the Cost What you guys think does College Education Worth the Cost? In the article â€Å"The Wall Street Journal† edited by Riley, she said that a college education does not worth the cost. Again, she claims that most of the colleges are doing their business, they did not care about the student (Riley). Those types of colleges have lack serious core curriculum, they did not know their responsibility towards the student. Moreover, I willRead MoreCollege Education Is Worth The Cost846 Words   |  4 PagesMany recent college graduates have faced record levels of unemployment. This situation has lead people to question what they value about higher education. Some high school students and their parents are wondering if a college education is worth the cost. Others, however, believe that a college prepares students for more than just a job or career. Many people then present the counter argument that people like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg did not have a college degree, bu t unlike themRead MoreCollege Education Is Worth The Cost892 Words   |  4 PagesCollege Education In the article written by Rodney K.Smith he puts forward a clear argument about â€Å"Yes, a College Education is Worth the Cost.† There are more opportunities and doors open for those with higher education compared to those without. Higher education allows people to live in better neighborhoods; it brings financial security and stability. Financially secured people not only are able to afford extracurricular activities for their kids, such as sports, music lessons, art, dancing etc

Micro and macro theories in political science focus Free Essays

string(187) " stronger in body or of quicker mind than another is not considerable as that one man can claim to himself any benefit to which another may not possess as well as he† \(Hobbes, 1946\)\." INTRODUCTION Countries exist to interact with other nations and states in the international arena. Thus, no country or nation is an island unto itself. As a result of this, isolation from international activities becomes very impossible. We will write a custom essay sample on Micro and macro theories in political science focus or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the course of interaction countries tries to gain advantage over other countries, and this has been the basis of conflict and disagreement. Sometimes, if this is not properly handled it will lead to war. Scholars from different academic disciplines have posited many causes of war. Thus, the great debate over why war occurs has been approached from different dimension. For the historians, scholars like A.J. P. Taylor famously described wars as being like traffic accidents. But this approach has been criticized in the view that some leaders of states make conscious decision in embarking in war and this is not accidental.   For the Psychologist, human beings, especially men are inherently violent. This violence displacement where a person transfers their grievances into bias and hatred against other ethnic groups, nations, or ideologies â€Å"(Wikibooks: 2005).   Other psychologists argue that the mental unbalanced state of men who rule and control a nation, combine with their human temperament has been the basis of the occurrence of war. â€Å"This school argues leaders that seek war such as Napoleon, Hitler, and Stalin were mentally abnormal; screening process, such as election, could prevent these types from coming to power, war would end†.   (ibid.). The Anthropologists see the occurrence of war as a fundamentally cultural, learnt by nurture rather than nature. The Sociologists have Plethora of perspective in seeing the occurrence of war. Some see war as the product of domestic conditions, with only the target of aggression being determined by international realities. Others that differ from the traditional approach argue that it is the decision of statesmen and the geopolitical situation that leads to war.   The Economist argues war can be seen as an outgrowth of economic competition in a chaotic and competitive international system. Having looked at the diverse and divergent viewpoint from which these scholars from different discipline has posited as the cause of war, this write up tend to look at the political aspect of why war occurs. As a result of this, various theories in the political science field would be applied to enumerate the reason behind the occurrence of war. DEFINITION OF TERMS Political science has been described as a hospitable umbrella for many disciplines all connected somehow with the operations of government or people acting in relation to government. According to Alfred Cobban, as quoted in Oyediran (1998:3), Political Science is a devise invented by university teachers for avoiding that dangerous subject politics without achieving Sciences†. Thus, political science is that social science discipline that seek to study government and how politics that has to do with the use of power, rule and authority in any human relationship is being conducted. The study of political science, the normative and the positive approach is adopted while scholars, such as Plato and Aristotle sought to identify the characteristics of politics, their causes and effects, leaving aside moral judgements about their goodness or badness. Therefore, it is seen that modern political scientists adopt a positive theory to issues that pertain to the field of study, hence, †what ought to be†. (Robert Dahl cited by Gerring, 2005:2). THEORY: Theory is defined as abstraction from the real world in order to give explanation to phenomenon. Thus, theories give explanation to the relationship that exists between variables. Theories are tested hypotheses that are generally accepted it is used through known facts to give an explanation to the unknown. WAR: War can be defined as conflict that arises from disagreement, which result into military combat and the end results which is destruction of lives and properties. War can be classified into civil wars and foreign wars. Civil wars, are those wars that occur within a nation or a state as a result of the emergence of factions that are loyal to an identified group. A typical example of civil war in contemporary time is the civil war in Liberia in the 1990s, between late Samuel Deo faction and Charles Taylor faction. Another typical example of civil war is the 1967 to 1970 civil war in Nigeria, between the Federal troop and the Biafra faction that seek to secede from the Nigeria Federation. Foreign war is war that involves combat between or among sovereign nation or states. Example of this is World War 1 and World War II. In recent times the war between Iraq and Kuwait, and the US Allied Forces in the 1990s. Another version of war in contemporary political world is the cold war that had existed after the world war associated with the bipolar bloc i.e. the eastern bloc and the western bloc. This cold war is unlike the real combat war where physical and military combat is carried out, but it has to do with war in international arena, that pertains to foreign policies and international pacts and agreement, that tend to be contended for: This cold war has made many countries to support either of the two factions. But, some countries, like in Africa adopt a different stand, the Non Aligned Movement is pursued as the foreign policies in these black nation. The cold war suddenly collapse in 1989, this brought an end to the bipolar structure of the international system. POLITICAL THEORIES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WAR Political theories on the emergence of state can be utilized to explain the occurrence of war. Here, the Hobbessian theory of state and the force theory are readily applicable to why nation engage in war. The Hobbissian theory postulated by Thomas Hobbes, explain the human state of existence in what he called the â€Å"state of nature†. According to him, â€Å"nature has made man so equal in faculties of the body and mind and though there be found one man sometimes manifestly stronger in body or of quicker mind than another is not considerable as that one man can claim to himself any benefit to which another may not possess as well as he† (Hobbes, 1946). You read "Micro and macro theories in political science focus" in category "Essay examples" The equality of man here means they tend to nurse the same aspirations and desires, ends and the same hope. But the uniformity of aspiration tend to be evoke problem since the resources e.g. power, political influence, is a scarce resource that can not go round every body. Thus, it become problematic when two persons desire the same thing, which they cannot both obtain, they are likely to become enemies and always will seek to destroy one another. In applying this scenario to sovereign states, the scarce resources that each state seeks to obtain for itself, this brings about competition and invariably lead to the emergence of war, if such competition gets to the extreme and the level of tolerance becomes unbearable. According to Ighadola (2000: 12), â€Å"human competitiveness for status symbols are always characterized by fighting where this happens outside the preview of any settled and civilized state, the picture of the â€Å"state of nature† comes to the fore boldly†. The state of nature as stipulated by Thomas Hobbes, is the time when men lived without a common power to keep them in check; i.e. every man is a government and law unto himself, there is no formal contract to the establishment of state and government. In state of nature, war of every man against every man was the perceptual condition of human relations. Thus, man is brutal and exhibited a hostile tendency towards those around him. It is also argued that, â€Å"War, as Hobbes used the concept, did not necessarily denote actual fighting, rather it meant the disposition to fight† (ibid) Man in the state of nature did not engage in perpetual warfare, he was only perpetually inclined to fight to acquire what he desired and to protect what he already possessed. The inclination in man to be aggressive in competition and fight is moderated by the fear of death. Thus, the disposition to fight to is further heightened by the absence of centralized authority. In the international political arena before the emergence of international organization like the United Nation, the broke out of World War I and the emergence of World War II, is as a result of absence of a strong centralized International authority. The League of Nations collapsed as a result of the Second World War. This led to the emergence of the United Nations; that is acting as a centralized authority in the international arena, in preventing the outbreak of conflicts among nations or states. Another angle of the Hobbessains theory sees Man’s selfishness and self- seeking nature ensures, without a superior restraining force, the condition of the state of nature that would remain permanent. This results in a threat to the condusive actualization of human potentials and insecurity. In applying this to the emergence of wars among nations, it is seen that the selfishness and self-seeking nature of some nation has prompted them into encroaching into the rightful possession of other nation. In order to defend their possession, these other nation would recourse to protect itself by engaging in war. Most times, this has been the base of war among nations. Thus, Hobbes has proffered a centralized authority that is imposed in one individual as a solution to avert this state of nature, so as to prevent the brutish and aggressive nature in man, and thus, reducing the outbreak of war. Critics have pointed out that Hobbes advocacy of absolute power puts a hole in his argument. The central authority or sovereign should operate the law made, fairly and equitably among the people not absolute authority in one man. Thus, central power is advocated that is democratic, in place of the sovereign ruler of Hobbes. This is because the sovereign ruler is taken from society and has its own selfish desire, which could lead to autocratic rule, i.e., he cannot be outside society and therefore cannot be above the law. (ibid:15). Another political theory that can be use to advocate for the emergence of war is the Marxist theory. Karl Marx theory concentrates both on political and economic perspective of the state.   In his view, the society is divided into two main classes, i.e. the bourgeoisie and the proletariats, and this has always been the driving force behind conflict in society and its attendant social change. Marxist theory of war argues that all war grows out of the class war. It sees wars as imperial ventures to enhance the power of the ruling class and divide the proletariat of the world by pitting them against each other for contrived ideals such as nationalism or religion. ( Wikibooks, 2005). Marx and Engels posited in The German ideology that with all the mischief’s contradictions and crisis inherent in the capitalist mode of production, the proletariat bears the entire burden without enjoying its advantages, they become isolated from society. Having been driven to the wall, they are forced into the most decided antagonism to the other class because an alienated man is a revolutionary man. (Marx, et al, 1977). Hence, Karl Marx see wars as a natural outgro9wth of the free market and class system, and will not disappear until a world revolution occurs. According to Ighodalo (2000:20), â€Å"the expectation of Marx is that the destruction of the capitalist system would lead to the end of class antagonism, since the basis of it property ownership would have been eliminated thereby creating a classless society where all give according to his/ her ability and receive according to his/ her needs.† Another theory of the evolution of state that can be applied to the reason why war occurs is the Force theory. This school of thought holds that the state is a creation of conquest and coercion of the weak by the strong. The state was seen as evil because it was a way of oppressing the poor. However, German writers of the 19th century, contended that force was an essential attribute of a state. (Oyediran, 1998:19). The   Force theory can really be adduce as a basis why war emerge between nation. Countries that are strong and have mighty military force had in the past annexed weak countries to themselves. They succeeded in doing this by embarking on war with them. In 1939, Finland’s decision to resist the invasions and annexation aggression of Soviet led to the Winter War. â€Å" Though cases of invasion and annexations that did not lead to a war abound; such as the U.S. led invasion of Haiti in 1994, the Nazi invasions of Austria and Czechoslovakia preceding the Second World War, and the annexation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union in 1940. CONCLUSION The different Political Theorist has directed their argument on the reason why war occurs, even though not in the same tone and direction, the fact that the selfish interest and self- seeking nature of man and government, has been identified as a major reason why war has been a recurrent factor in the international arena. Even internally, where civil war occurs within the boundary of a country this has retained the same causal factor. The fact is traceable down line immemorial of historical war among nations. Furthermore, the scarce resource, such as power has been a basis for the eruption of conflicts among nations, since these resource cannot go round, it tend to be conflictual. REFERENCES Akhakpe, Ighodalo, (2000), Leading Issues in Political Thought. Lagos: A- Triad Associates Publishers Printers. Gerring, John (2005), A Normative Turn in Political Science? Boston University Department of Political Science. Hobbes, Thomas (1946), Leviathan Oxford: Basil Blackwill Ltd.   Oyediran, Oyeleye (1998), Introduction to Political Science. Lagos:——- Wikibooks (2005), â€Å" International relations: The Causes of War† https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/International_Relations:The_Causes_of_war. (3rd August, 2005) How to cite Micro and macro theories in political science focus, Essay examples

Language and Literacy Youngsters Discourse

Question: Write about theLanguage and Literacyfor Youngsters Discourse. Answer: The kinds of discourses that I usually participate in are Literature Discourse, Coffee Shop Discourse, Youngsters Discourse and Family Discourse. In the literature Discourse that I belong to, there are some specific languages that are being used. For example, we use literary words like poetic, prosaic and metaphorical, that are directly associated with the literary vocabulary. Usually, in class we are expected to use high quality words, that are at times bombastic, and we seldom employ the use of conversational language. Instead of using words like but, we usually use words such as however, as these help in rendering a sense of grandeur and magnificence to the discourse. One discourse that can easily puzzle an outsider, unaware of the language used in the discourse group is the youngster discourse. This discourse is usually being used by the young people, especially the college and the University words, and as such includes new words, such as uber cool, friend-zone, cazz (Fairclough 2013). Apparently these words do not have any concrete meaning of their own, and the original English dictionary does not acknowledge the existence of these words. However, these words are being used in modern day especially on social media, and the words have become largely popular among the younger generation (Mccarthy Carter 2014). It is important to mention here that what makes the words more unfamiliar to the outsiders is that they are being used to imply concepts which are unknown to the outsiders. For example, the word swag is being to imply a subtle sense of style with which an individual carries himself or herself. Besides, the use of newly introduced slangs and abusive words such as crap also make the discourse incomprehensible to the outsiders. Reference List: Fairclough, N. (2013).Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Routledge. McCarthy, M., Carter, R. (2014).Language as discourse: Perspectives for language teaching. Routledge.

Modular Arithmetic Essays - Algebra, Computer Arithmetic

Modular Arithmetic Modular arithmetic can be used to compute exactly, at low cost, a set of simple computations. These include most geometric predicates, that need to be checked exactly, and especially, the sign of determinants and more general polynomial expressions. Modular arithmetic resides on the Chinese Remainder Theorem, which states that, when computing an integer expression, you only have to compute it modulo several relatively prime integers called the modulis. The true integer value can then be deduced, but also only its sign, in a simple and efficient maner. The main drawback with modular arithmetic is its static nature, because we need to have a bound on the result to be sure that we preserve ourselves from overflows (that can't be detected easily while computing). The smaller this known bound is, the less computations we have to do. We have developped a set of efficient tools to deal with these problems, and we propose a filtered approach, that is, an approximate computation using floating point arithmetic, followed, in the bad case, by a modular computation of the expression of which we know a bound, thanks to the floating point computation we have just done. Theoretical work has been done in common with , , Victor Pan and. See the bibliography for details. At the moment, only the tools to compute without filters are available. The aim is now to build a compiler, that produces exact geometric predicates with the following scheme: filter + modular computation. This approach is not compulsory optimal in all cases, but it has the advantage of simpleness in most geometric tests, because it's general enough. Concerning the implementation, the Modular Package contains routines to compute sign of determinants and polynomial expressions, using modular arithmetic. It is already usable, to compute signs of determinants, in any dimension, with integer entries of less than 53 bits. In the near future, we plan to add a floating point filter before the modular computation.

Different Methods of Counseling and Psychotherapy Essays

Different Methods of Counseling and Psychotherapy Essays Different Methods of Counseling and Psychotherapy Paper Different Methods of Counseling and Psychotherapy Paper In counseling and psychotherapy there are more than 400 distinct models with methods of practice ranging from one to one counseling, group therapy, couples or family therapy, online therapy and over the telephone counseling. Depending on which school of thought the therapist is following, each therapy engages the client from a different angle. Each school has its own rationale and specific techniques but there are common components which are shared across all approaches Research has shown that there Is little evidence for the superiority of one school over another Assay and Lambert, 1999). It is the similarities rather than the differences that account for the observation that all psychotherapeutic approaches are effective (in general). These similarities can be combined into four factors that are common to all forms of psychotherapy. These four factors Include: technique (1 5%), psychotherapeutic change (40%), therapeutic relationship (30%) and hope or expectancy (15%). Hammond (2010) further strengthened the argument that psychotherapy is an effective intervention nut that no one theory has been proven to be more effective over all of the others. The four main schools that Influence anthropometry counseling and psychotherapy practice are the psychodrama school, the humanistic-existential school, the cognitive behavior school and the post modern school. Within each school come a variety of theories with its own factors which make them all unique. This paper will briefly present an account of the four main schools mentioned above whilst taking Into consideration the effect of post modernism and demonstrating the effects of an enhanced eclectic and integrated approach to psychotherapy in our society today The Psychodrama school Psychodrama therapy is a general name for therapeutic approaches which try to et the patient to bring to the surface their real feelings, so that they can experience them and understand them. This approach aims to help clients gain insight into the dynamic conflicts and tensions manifesting as symptoms of mental distress or physical symptoms in their lives Psychodrama psychotherapy incorporates revealing conflicts of the unconscious and creating understanding and insight In the client to allow him/her to gain coping skills to deal with difficulties presently and in the future. It Is the study and theory of psychological forces underlying human behavior developed the concept of the unconscious. This Is the part of the mind where desires and memories are stored, unrecognized and are only hinted at through dreams or slips of tongue. Classical psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856 1939) Is regarded as the father of psychoanalysis and developed the unconscious within his approach which he classified Into three regions I. E. The d, the ego and the superego. Freud we have three levels of OFF techniques including free association and transference. A lot of his work surrounded identifying and analyzing resistances and defenses (feelings held in the unconscious are too painful to face and defenses protect us from these painful feelings). Interpretation of information was another technique which Freud used and he spent a lot of time interpreting dreams and fantasies of which he thought were the pathway to the unconscious. An integral piece of psychodrama therapy is the transference which occurs between the client and the therapist. Because psychodrama therapists focus relies on interpreting the unconscious, therapists use transference to reveal unresolved conflicts that clients have with figures from their childhood. Transference refers to redirection of a clients feelings from a significant person to a therapist. Transference is often manifested as an erotic attraction towards a therapist, but can be seen in many other forms such as rage, hatred, mistrust, prettification, extreme dependence, or even placing the therapist in a god-like or guru status. When Freud initially encountered transference in his therapy with clients, he felt it was an obstacle to treatment success. But what he learned was that the analysis of the transference was actually the work that needed to be done The Humanistic Existential school The Humanistic school is based around developing human potential through an individuals own abilities and qualities. It involves the therapist emphasizing these abilities to enhance the experience of personal and feelings. The aim is to harmonize both thinking and actions to become unique individuals. Carl Rogers (1902 1987) is the originator of person centered therapy and introduced a non-directive approach to therapy. There are two main therapeutic principles that underlie the person centered approach. The first principle is that the therapist emphasizes the relationship with the client as this is an integral part to the therapeutic Journey. It is based around respect, equality and authenticity. The client is regarded as the expert on his or her win life and the therapist is there to facilitate the client to identify, airframe thinking and come up with their own solutions to their own personal challenges. The second principle is concerned with working with the clients in the here and now to learn about old patterns, to make new changes. Carl Rogers posits that the relationship that the therapist has with the client, in person centered therapy is central to the success of the therapy. The relationship is sufficient for client change if Rogers core conditions are used. These include: empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. Person centered therapy is a relationship therapy and these core conditions are ingredients for the formulation of an effective therapeutic relationship. Other factors were mentioned over the years to be essential ingredients for the therapeutic relationship including: presence, boundaries, sensitivity and consistency but the three core conditions have remained integral to the person centered approach to practice (McLeod, 2011). Gestalt therapy is another humiliatingly oriented approach to therapy. Like person centered therapy, it rejects psychoanalytic ideas and emphasizes humanistic values such as individual Gestalt therapy was Frizz Peers (1893-1970). The therapy highlights the importance of increasing clients awareness. Rather than aiming towards insight and interpretation it focuses toward understands ones own emotions through a Journey of discovery. It looks at the wholeness of the person and relies on the here and now experience. Gestalt therapy practice includes awareness techniques (For example, two-chair work) and experiments and this is one particular area which divides gestalt therapy from person centered therapy. Gestalt therapists believe in inviting the client to experiment through in session techniques of behavior and awareness. On the other hand, person centered therapy views this experimentation as directive and shifts focus away from the client. It is successful but the number of therapists that use it as their primary orientation is very small. The Cognitive behavior school The cognitive behavior school evolved out of behavioral psychology and is based around three key themes. These include: 1. A problem solving, change-focused approach to working with clients 2. A respect for scientific values and 3. Close attention to the cognitive processes through which people monitor and intro their behavior (McLeod, 2011) Its intervention involves the assessment of clients and subsequently the intervention to help change specific patterns of their thinking and behavior that is sustaining their problems. The integral premise of cognitive behavior therapy is to change the way that clients think about things. Beck (1976) pinpointed the selfs of these include: 1. Personalization 2. Dichotomous thinking 3. Personalization Similarly, Albert Ellis (1962) showed parallel thinking within the cognitive behavioral school of thought and highlighted peoples irrational beliefs in a cornerstone approach called Rational emotive behavior therapy (REST). These irrational beliefs include crooked thinking around events in ones life which is surrounded by should and would. This involves overstraining as discussed above or rushing to judgment. Catastrophic a tuition in a negative way leads to anxiety and depression, if anything goes anyway off the beaten track. Westbrook et al (2007) defined the key principles that underpin cognitive behavioral therapy. 1. It is a collaborative project between client and counselor 2. The work is problem focused and structured 3. Therapy is time limited and brief 4. Practice is informed by research The main areas of focus in cognitive behavioral therapy are establishing and maintaining a positive working alliance, assessment of the problem behaviors and cognitions, formulation off plan, intervention and finally relapse prevention. So the effectiveness of CAB in psychotherapy whilst the evidence for other approaches are not as well researched. Stiles et al (2008) conducted a comparison of the outcomes of CAB, person centered therapy (PACT) and Psychodramas Therapy (PDP) within the UK National Health Service. CAB, PACT and PDP are all distinct approaches with regard to their individual interventions and their assumptions. Data was collected from 5613 patients (adults) who received CAB, PACT or PDP and completed the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-outcome Measure at the beginning and end of their treatment. Findings in the study are testament to the Dodo Effect highlighted over 70 years ago. Results demonstrated that PACT and PDP had comparable effectiveness to CAB. This is a significant finding because CAB is a widely researched intervention in that there has been a lot of research testing the efficacy and effectiveness of CAB for a wide range of disorders. On the other hand, PACT and PDP have not being studied to the same degree so this is a very positive result to represent the effectiveness of such interventions. Presenting problems in this study included anxiety, depression, bereavement/loss, trauma/abuse, addictions and more. In effect results demonstrated that the three treatments assessed (theoretically different) had equivalently positive outcomes suggesting that there is no one intervention producing more positive outcome than another (Stiles et al, 2008). Scientific positivism is the idea that if a therapeutic theory is true then it can be used with clients irrespective of when, where and with whom the therapy occurs. Freud, Skinner and Rogers all attempted to develop a universal theory, a viewpoint which suggests that one size fits all. The view that each of their individual theories wholly explained human nature. The contemporary view of counseling and psychotherapy emphasizes the individuality of clients, therapists and people and postulates that the blanket approach that had been highlighted in the past does not work. Post modernism has seen people beginning to question thing with the emphasis being that the world is a much smaller place today with innovations in technology and communication and the influx of mass media. Therapies are now being designed to fit people rather than proposing a universal theory as a blanket effect over society. Post modernism believes that a therapist for example imposes a framework on an individual, the individual will only be seen through a certain lens and the therapist will confine the clients problems to what the lens sees. The only way of looking at people is by getting them to disclose what their lived experience is like I. E. We all hold basic things together in common. The way we interpret them is unique, the experiences we have are unique and we all develop our own world view. Post modernism acknowledges that it is the clients own lived experience that is most important and the therapist needs to work with that. It is an anti-behaviorism approach. Cognitive behavior theory aims to airframe thoughts to enable the client to manage his/her life whilst post modernism rejects this. It posits that the persons subjective experience is the most important piece. Social constructivist narrative counseling has been evolved through the work of Michael White and David Postpone and they have developed this approach which is completely different from mainstream therapies. Narrative therapy emphasizes the importance of languages and stories in the field of counseling and psychotherapy. It is the way that people translate their thoughts, feelings and emotions so that people an understand them. One of the distinctive features of narrative therapy is the procedure of exterminating the problem. (McLeod, 2011). This refers to the idea that many clients consider the problem to be a part of themselves and of who they are as an individual. The problem then becomes apart of who they are in total. They become self blaming. Exterminating the problem involves separating themselves and their relationship from the problem and releasing that the problem is the problem. In narrative therapy the person experiencing psychological distress tells a therapist stories about their past, present and possible future. The therapist listens, observes and responds. The therapist makes sense of these stories using professional experience, their underpinning theoretical knowledge and own life experiences. During this process the therapist focuses on certain aspects of the narrative more than others. So the therapist encourages the person to elaborate and reflect on certain stories more than others. Narrative therapists perceive that clients seek therapy when the main stories they tell about themselves lack meaning, do not reflect their actual experience, or cannot be shared with people close to them. Linking problems with the self-identity or inner self is rejected by narrative approaches. People develop this way of thinking about their life events and situations because of the pressure to conform to the norms of society. When therapists combine the person with the problem they aim to change the person, perceiving them as flawed or damaged. This means that the therapist is colluding and acting on the part of society rather than collaborating with the client. The aim is to find a new definition of the problem that stops the person from always describing themselves in ways that others view them (experience far). For example a shift from Im depressed to sometimes depression tends to take over. The therapist is actively curious about the effects of the problem on the persons life and talks as if the problem and the person were two different things. One of the main proponents of this type of approach is that the therapist is there to facilitate the client in re writing their story and to encourage to reform this story in their community. Although narrative therapy is a dialogue and conversationalist style, it also incorporates letters and certificates to give the client a permanent documentation to heir story. In narrative therapy the use of humor and imagery is included to rephrase particular words and situations in which the client has had difficulty with. The therapist is continually creating and demonstrating the difference between the person and the problem. It is important to note that narrative therapy is not solely an individual-centered approach but works between the person and the community. (McLeod, 2011). Solution focused therapy which is most commonly associated with the work of Steve De Sharer (De Sharer et al (2007). Rather than being of a theoretical orientation, SOFT s a highly disciplined and pragmatic approach and places emphasizes on a number of tenets which forms the basis for this approach. If it isnt broken, dont fix it If it works, do more of it If its not working, do something different Small steps can lead to big changes The solution is not necessarily directly related to the problem The language for solution development is different from that needed to describe a problem No problems happen all the time; there are always exceptions that can be utilized The future is both created and negotiable The idea behind the SOFT approach is that talking about the problem makes the robber worse, the problem becomes central in the individuals life and through his/ her relationships and this takes the attention away from creating solutions. The role of the therapist is to invite the client to talk around solutions although there must be acceptance (not encouragement) around the fact that they client may want to talk about the problem. Strategies followed by SOFT include focusing on change. It is believed that change is inevitable. Problem free conversation is also utilized to get an idea of the clients positive aspects and competencies. SOFT therapists believe that no matter how big and bad a problem is hat is does not affect ones life all the time and to therefore search for the positives top construct the solutions. As highlighted above in the list of tenets, there slogans are often used with clients to communicate the basic principles around this approach to therapy. The miracle question is an important facet in the solution focused process whereby in the first session the client is asked to imagine a time in the future that the problem has disappeared. This allows the client to come up with the small manageable goals of tackling the problem themselves whilst respecting the enormity of the problem itself. Homework tasks are also incorporated in this form of therapy to keep the client focused on the solution. Unlike the traditional psychotherapy approach of problem focus, SOFT emphasizes the resilience of the client and concentrates on the solution to the problem whilst linking previous positive solution solving to their thinking pathway and through intervention, the client is encouraged to incorporate past positive experience (De Sharer et al, 2007). Traditionally therapists operated from within their own therapeutic orientation but theories, and the inadequacies and potential values of others. A dissatisfaction with single school approaches along with an openness and a commitment to learning from multiple schools of many therapists do not stick to one school of thought or theoretical approach but work in an eclectic or integrative way. Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases. Integration draws from different counseling and therapy approaches with an tempt to blend together the concepts and interventions into a logical and harmonize whole. Norris Glorified (2005) highlighted eight interacting, mutually reinforcing factors that have fostered the development of integration over the past twenty years including; proliferation of therapies, inadequacy of single theories and treatments, external socioeconomic contingencies, ascendancy of short term, problem focused treatments, opportunity to observe various treatments particularly for difficult disorders, recognition that therapeutic commonalities heavily intricate to outcome, identification of specific therapy effects and evidence based treatments and development of a professional network for integration. An important factor to take into account in the emergence of integration is the increasing awareness that no one theory can account for all clients and all situations strengthening the argument above stating that with the zeitgeist and societal changes, a one fits all approach which the likes of Freud, Skinner and Rogers put forward is not enough to cover the wide range of unique individuals, behaviors and situations we find in our society today. An eclectic or integrative approach has been popularized in the last number of years with studies demonstrating that between 29% and 66% of respondents use this type of approach to theoretical therapy rather than following one school of thought alone or one theory (Hickman et al, 2009). Through the use of qualitative methodology (questionnaires), Hickman et al (2009) studied the theoretical orientation of twenty four psychotherapists. Results suggested that respondents engaged in an eclectic and integrated approach although it appeared that one theory played a prominent role over the others in the harpists approach to therapy which they relied heavily on whilst engaged in an eclectic manner. Yalta (1995) argued that the personality and characteristics of the therapist are significant predictors of therapeutic success. Rogers three core conditions are significant common factors for the therapist. These include the therapist empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. Other common factors include support, caring, acceptance and respect. These all form the basis for development and maintenance of the relationship. Line (2005) also highlights factors such as warmth and attention, and understanding s important elements in this environment. It is emphasized that the therapists common factors include a teaming of: personality characteristics and facilitative qualities (honesty, caring, genuineness, unconditional positive regard, acceptance and openness), professional competence and integration; and the provision on a non-threatening, trusting, safe and secure atmosphere) and the therapists confidence in own abilities of the client and in the efficacy of therapy itself (Line, 2005). Corey (2009) developed his own integrative approach to counseling. He defines an integrative approach as being rooted in a hurry with techniques systematically borrowed from other approaches and tailored to a clients unique needs (Corey, 2009). He highlights important aspects of creating and developing an integrative approach including considering the therapists own personality, what concepts and techniques work most effectively with a range of clients, determining what technique are specifically suitable for what problems and particular clients. Corey (2009) posits that an integrative approach is needed in the counseling arena to effectively counsel the wide range of personalities and individuals whom are in our society today, with many unique challenges and robbers.

Constructivism and Instructivism in Teaching and Learning Essay

Constructivism and Instructivism in Teaching and Learning - Essay Example This essay describes and analyzes the effects of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act of 2001† that was established in the United States and meant â€Å"to ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach, at a minimum, proficiency on challenging State academic achievement standards and state academic assessment†. As the No Child Left Behind Act’s main aim was to improve the quality of education in the United States, educators and teachers have been forced to ask uncomfortable but important questions as to how such improvement can be attained in their professional field. The researcer mentiones that countless debates have since taken place in the academic world to pinpoint where the problems lie in the hope of identifying the right and the best solutions. These debates have been heated and not without controversy, which is what makes them interesting. Of the wide range of debated topics, this essa y focuses on one of the most basic battle lines – Constructivism versus Instructivism. The researcher then compares these two basic theories of how people learn and analyzes which of these two really works and is more effective. To conclude, the researcher gives his own recommendations on the topic and sums up that every teacher must learn how to account for one of the greatest missions anyone can receive, that of shaping other human minds and launching them on their way to learning, discovery, and survival in a complex world.

A Reality of Cairos Past and Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Reality of Cairos Past and Future - Essay Example Cairo's efforts to mange its population is mirrored by a continental program in Africa that aims to decentralize commerce and industries by 2015 (Raychaudhuri 6). In 2005, the Egypt Human Development Report (EHDR) 2005 was published and tackled the problems that overcrowding has brought to the city: it cites that the disparity in resources, prospects and representation is a direct deterrent to national goal of development for Egypt (United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] "Choosing our future: Towards a New Social Contract", 5-6) Crowding in urban areas is a problem that all major cities are facing. Even developed countries also have to deal with issues of disproportion of population and industries. Efforts to balance these trends have come in either redevelopment of stagnating areas or through relocation efforts. The successes of these projects have been intermittent and have done little to stem rapid growth of urban populations. The stories of remote locations becoming ghost towns as residents move to the city is not fiction, it is a reality that aggravates economic and social problems of less developed regions. From the perspective of computer programs that include crowds and other social behaviors associated with it, crowding is seen as something that is important in all growing cities and economies. In many cases, urban overcrowding can either be a 24-hour phenomenon to a city or only an effect of people coming to work in the cities where the human congestion eases as people return to their homes at the end of the day. According to Loscos and his associates, crowding creates a resource base that is essential for development but at the same time, one has to be very careful in encouraging population development because population grow in geometrically and once it finds its momentum, little can be done to control it excluding extraordinary measures without sacrificing growth. Hebding and Glick point out that crowding is though a strongly social behavior, factors that fuel it more powerfully are economic and political factors. People gravitate towards areas that give him best access to resources. A direct economic effect of these movement is on labor markets and even greater impact is made on developing economies were labor maybe more easier than al other economic resources (Bertola 3027-3028). Politics also tend to follow these developments. The greater the development, the greater is the need for administration. Wars have been fought to control cities independently of the countries they are situated in. Cairo historically was a key city in controlling the Nile and gaining access to the rest of Egypt. There is cyclical effect to these developments: population, commercial and industrial density develops economic and political centers while at the same time, the establishments of these centers attract further population multiplication. Population and the availability of labor, political and economic institutions are all key factors that are essential to development (Bergsten). The magnitude of these cities, whether newly developed or ancient ones like Cairo, can be measure by the extent of their population, economy and political significance. Therefore, overcrowding to a certain extent is an indication of a city's

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Research Proposal - Essay Example In the event masculinity is threatened with the men’s conveyed feelings of shame, hostility and guilty: hence men tend to overcompensate to defend masculinity. This paper will talk about masculinity in men; what role masculinity plays in dealing with grief, violence and morality in the society. It is important to understand why men treasure masculinity so much. This paper will review four journals in a bid to understand masculinity in men and how the society takes it. Masculinity can be portrayed in a number of ways, the first dealing with grief, the second – with morality, the third - with violence and last but not least one - acting or role playing. Lee (2002) states that culture and its gadgets all work hand in hand to sustain and set out various rules that men are expected to perform. Ideas of masculinity are socially constructed set of rules that oversee male manners or behavior so that male emotions are not authorized to approve male sex roles. This masculinity that men apply has been sanctioned by the culture and males are required to perform them. Men have been accustomed to thinking that some activities are masculine or not thus objectionable. According to Lee (2002), â€Å"men could have emotions as long as they were they are socially useful.† (p.4) An example of masculinity in the nineteenth century is the public man – a money maker, who desired to or focused on achieving success and had to give his all even his sexuality. Lee (2002) suggested that â€Å"draining one’s bodily fluid via masturbation or self-abuse threatened masculinity.† (p.4) Manhood was understood from these beliefs and, th e author goes on to say that man was or is to direct his sexual passion to his marriage, art and work. 2. Alilunas, P. (2009). Male masculinity as the celebration of failure: The frat pack, women and the trauma of victimization in the â€Å"dude flick†.Retrieved: 3 Nov. 2012. From:

Technical Support And Information Sources Computer Science Essay

Technical Support And Information Sources Computer Science Essay Technical support is a team which is responsible to support for individuals and organisations in a variety of ways. They also describe and explain to the customers all information about technology of their products or their services that they provide. Technical support team has people who have a good knowledge about electronic systems, computer systems which included software and hardware. They are able to troubleshoot related problems. In general, technical support provides technical support to organisation, customers and end-users. Source of information can be used for a variety of hardware and software related faults? The information can be gathered from a number of sources such as direct questioning, consulting a fault log or using diagnostic and monitoring tools. Finding out information: Direct questioning If the organisation, customers or end-users has any problems with the product or service, they will contact to get some helps from technical support. They will contact by phone or face to face and the technical support specialists need to find out as much as possible what the problem is. Then they can make decision how they can resolve the problem. But before accepting the calls from customers or users, they may need to check that the customer or user is entitled to their support services. They may require the customer or user to give correct username and password, account number or some personal details. They also can ask the customer some question for clarification, or further questions to ensure that they have a good understanding of the problem. In general, direct questioning is an important technique which is used in information gathering because it is flexible. Fault logs Fault log is a record of events that occurred and it may include the information about how the fault was fixed. Most business organisations have the computer rooms that can be used by many different users, so they need to have a written fault log that is regularly checked by technical staffs. The technical staffs will identify and remedy any faults that have been reported by users. A log should be maintained for each computer system. When the computer system is broken down, the technical staff will need the information from the fault logs such as when the equipment was obtained, when the software was installed or what setting have been used. Fault log will record what happen with computer system and how it was fixed. A fault log may be kept manually or it may be create automatically by software. Diagnostics and Monitoring tools Another way that helps the technical staffs to define a particular problem is using diagnostic and monitoring tools. The technician can ask the system directly by using diagnostic and monitoring tools such as the POST (Power on Self-Test). When the computer system is turned on, the POST will check the hardware to make sure everything is working correctly before the OS is loaded and run. There are three types that the problems can be occurred. They are following: If there are problems before the screen is functioning, a sequence of beeps is used to indicate the nature of the faults. If the problem is occurred after the screen is functioning, an error code will be showed on the screen. This error code will show which device is not working properly. If the problem is occurred while computer is running, the user or technical staffs can use Event Viewer. The Event Viewer is monitoring tool that is included with OS window. It can be used to manage and view these events. It also can be used to track security events and identify possible software, hardware and system problems. The event viewer interface will contain a series of event logs that can be viewed by either a user or a technician. This particular log contains a series of entries that consist of information, warnings and errors. Checking the problems: Some informations sources are more reliable than others. So when processing the information, the user or technical staff needs to make sure that the information is valid. Cross-reference checks with user When the technical staffs are talking with the users or customers about the problems, they can call up data on their computer system which is including the current information and configurations of the users computer. The technical staff also can check that other users are experiencing the same problems on a particular system. Confirmation from a number of users that a particular fault exists or that the fault is of a particular nature will give the technician confidence in how to approach a formal diagnosis and remedy. But the information may be out of date because the users or customers may have upgraded the equipment or installed a more modern OS. So the technical staffs should confirm the information with the user during the initial conversation. When the users and customers may not be able to answer the questions, the technical staff should help and direct them to how they can find out the answers. Problem reproduction After asking the customers or users some simple direct questions to indentify who they are and what the problems are, the technical staff need to find out exactly what the problem is and how to fix it. The users or the customers may jump to conclusions and suggest things that are wrong with the computer rather than just giving the technical staff facts. So the best way for a technician to identify and diagnose a fault is to see the problem. If the fault is intermittent, it may prove difficult to reproduce the fault in the workshop. In this case, the users or customers need to takes screenshots of any error messages and prints these to be used as reference material as and when the system is being repaired. The problem reproduction is a useful strategy. Asking the users or customers to talk through what went wrong can reveal important information that the user may not told the technical staffs. One more important fact is the date when the problem was first noticed. If any new hardware or software was installed immediately before the fault appeared, this might be to blame. To fix this problem, the technical staffs can take the users back to a time when the computer was working. This way will help the users to think through the events that led up to the problems and exactly as it happened. This may reveal vital clues but it is still important to keep an open mind and to consider alternative sources of the problem. Manufacturers website Manufacturers websites are a valuable source of information. If an application fails to work, the user or customer can search the manufactures website for the latest information about known bugs in the system. The information is accessed through an open forum which is clearly going to be significantly less reliable than a manufacturers own website. Individuals providing technical advice of any kind must make sure that they are doing so supported by accurate and valid information. Further sources of such information are discussed in the following section. Source of information: Product specifications and manuals Most products are sold with a product specification and a technical manual. Product specification is written by the manufacture of the product. It contains all the information and details of products technical. A manual also is written by the manufacturer but it is used to explain how to make the best use of a hardware or software. Some manufacturers store product specifications and manuals in CD or DVD as PDF file. The CD or DVD will have all information about the main features of the product, or a video on troubleshooting. Colleagues with specialist expertise This is the best source of information because the users or technical staffs can get the technical information from people around them such as colleagues and friends. Those people can offer their experience in solving problems, but they must to find right people to ask. If they ask to wrong people so it means that they get wrong information and these information can not be used. The advantage of this source of information is the users can ask further questions if they are unsure that they fully understand a process, an answer or an explanation. Knowledge bases Using a knowledge base may involve searching for information which is relevant to the problem that the users want to try solving. The technical support can draw on a knowledge base to help them decide on a course of action. There is a range of knowledge bases that are available on the internet, but the technician support or the users must be very careful about relying on information that may not be valid or correct. Fault records showing previously found solutions A fault log is most useful when it lists not only the problems that were encountered but also the way in which they were solved. A fault log that includes the name of the technical support that solved a particular fault will allow the users contact them if they have encountered a similar fault and need specialist help. The historical information of previous faults and remedies will be essential for the technician support that will effectively be able to learn from other peoples experiences. Internet source (e.g.: FAQs and technical forums) The internet is the very useful source of information which helps the user or technician to resolve technical problems. There are two main informations sources on the internet which are FAQs and technical forum. FAQs stand for Frequently Asked Questions which can solve the most common problems for users with minimal effort for the help desk staff. The manufacturers websites usually contain FAQs about their products or services. This is where they use to list the information. This is also a place that the problems will be resolved and the questions of users about the product or service will be answered. The technical forum is a place where the users and technician can talk and discuss about the product or service. Technical forums can be a useful route to finding answers to both simple and complex problems. What hardware and software related questions could you be asked by users requiring technical support and how would you handle each of these questions? Question 1: My computer may be hacked by virus and my anti-virus software is not working? How can I fix it? As a technician, I tried to turn on their computer and I can see their computer being attacked by a virus. I have checked the current anti-virus software that they use. Their computer is currently using Norton anti virus software and this software is expired. So the customers should renew the software if they want to use it to protect their computers. Question 2: What can I do if the virus still in the computer system even that anti-virus software is working? In this case, I will tell the customers that they should format the hard drive and install new OS software. But before formatting, they should back up all important data and information to external storage devices. Question 3: My computer would boot up but then after 5-10 mins, it would shut itself down. What is this problem? Firstly, I will ask some question to the customers get more information about what happen with their computers and then I give them my opinion. I think that the computer may be attacked by virus because this problem is a symptom of virus attack or the hardware of computer may be faulty. If the problem occurs by virus, I will use the newest version of anti virus software to find and delete the virus. If the problem occurs by hardware faulty, I open the computer system and check the hardware of computer. I think that problem is electrical faults which can lie within a hardware component, in the cabling that connects these components or in the connectors between the cabling and the components. The hardware that I will check are: motherboard, PSU, CPU, RAM, etc†¦

Womens Ice Hockey :: Sports Essays

Womens Ice Hockey The fight for women's ice hockey players to earn respect and acceptance has been hard fought over the past one hundred years. Women have constantly been told that they can not play with men and that there sport is a second rate version of the men's game. The road of women's ice hockey has had many ups and downs but has perservered to the present day and is stronger than it has ever been. The future of women's ice hockey is bright thanks to diligence and hard work of those who kept it all going. Ironically women began playing the sport side by side with men over 100 years ago right at the sports inception. One of the oldest action pictures featuring ice hockey shows men playing with women. Part of the reason that women enjoyed early participation with men is because of the way that the public viewed the game. At the start, hockey was seen as a recreational activity. Women have been routinely barred from participating in serious and competitive sport, but if the game is viewed as merel y recreational then women are more accepted. In the 1890's this is what happened to the sport of ice hockey. Suddenly the game was more than recreation and organization entered, rules were drawn and leagues were formed. With the new structure came segregation of the sexes. As the sport progressed for the men, the women were left behind. In spite of all this, the first all female organized game was played in Barrie, Ontario in 1892. Women's ice hockey slowly limped on up until the 1920's. In the 1920's womens ice hockey began to pick up again. Amateur, college and junior level teams were formed and the women's sport became much more organized. In 1924 the Ladies Ontario Hockey Association was formed and would for years be the benchmark of women's ice hockey. Bonnie Rosenfield, a tremendous Canadien athlete who won Olympic medals in Track and Field would be the sports first true superstar. Bonnie grew up in a hockey family and became a very skilled player at a young age. She became irritated with the lack of opportunity for women and took up track were she excelled on an international level. She returned to hockey though with the formation of the LOHA. She became the leagues first star and became a role model for young women who also wanted to play the game.

Human Nature View Essay

Within the western view of human nature, it emphasizes that humans are made in the image of God. It is mostly composed within Judeo-Christian tradition. This view looks at human nature to be loving, rational, and relational to God. The way the western view decides good or evil depends on actions and choices. Good expresses life, charity, happiness, and love. Evil would consist of discrimination, humiliation, destructiveness, and so on. Society would be fair and just to a point and limitation. The view expresses that we are all brothers and sisters under the image of God. That all of our actions and observed and judged. Depending on our actions, results into a metaphysical afterlife to heaven or hell. The western view is free and open-minded to all, and very safe to society. There would be no power group. In the hands of the less fortunate, it is taught that we should help them and think of them as the same position disregarding wealth. However, the eastern view of human nature differs. The eastern view is mostly related with the Hindu and Sufi traditions. Their state of thinking expresses that humans are caught in an illusion of difference. They believe in reincarnation and karma. Similar to the western view, they also believe in a system of good or bad choices. Although, there is a difference in beliefs. Unlike the western view, the eastern some may consider it to me more harmonious and free without believing in absurdities, while still being able to participate. There is no power group either. Everything is sought out for is for peace, harmony, and justice. On the basis of having disabilities or being less fortunate still considers to be assisted but viewed the same in regards to social status. This view, also believes in a rebirth while the western view does not. Practices of sacrifice for a better outcome in the future is also practiced in this view.

The Real World of Technology

This essay is in context to Ursula Franklin’s â€Å"Real World of Technology†. Urusla Franklin is an Author, research Physicist, Metallurgist and Educator. She was born on 16th September, 1921 in Munich, Germany. She is known for this reading, The Real World of Technology, which is based on her 1989 Massey Lectures, and The Ursula Franklin Reader: Pacifism as a Map, a collection of her papers, interviews, and talks. In this reading, the Author, Franklin has named the title â€Å"The Real World of Technology† because she wants to speak out or tell the real truth about technology.She wants spread awareness to the world regarding the ill effects of technology on humanity. If left-unchecked technology will eventually destroy society as we know it. She differentiates the use of technology in the past, what it is at present and what it will be in the future. Franklin illustrates her point by focusing on the effects technology has had on society and cultures in the past . She uses examples from China before the Common Era to the Roman Empire, with a majority of examples coming form the last one hundred and fifty years. Such as the Industrial Revolution and the invention of electronic mail.Franklin contends that for society s sake, people must question everything before accepting new technologies into their world. In the book, Franklin s argument urges people to come together and participate in public reviews and discuss or question technological practices that lead to a world that is designed for technology and not for society. The Real World Of Technology attempts to show how society is affected by every new invention that comes onto the market and supposedly makes life more easy going and hassle free while making work more productive and profitable.The lectures argue that technology has built the house in which we live and that this house is continually changing and being renovated. There is very little human activity outside of the house, and al l in habitants are affected by the design of the house, by the division of its space, by the location of its doors and walls. Franklin claims that rarely does society step outside of the house to live, when compared with generations past.The goal for leaving the house is not to enter the natural environment, because in Franklin s terms environment essentially means what is around us that constructed, manufactured, built environment that is the day-in-day-out setting of much of the contemporary world of technology. Nature today is seen as a construct instead of as a force or entity with its own dynamics. The book claims that society vies nature the same way as society views infrastructure as something that is there to accommodate us, to facilitate or be part of our lives, subject to our planning.Franklin writes in-depth about infrastructure and especially technological infrastructure. She claims that since the Industrial Revolution, corporations as well as governments using public fu nds have invested heavily into technological infrastructures and that: the growth and development of technology has required as a necessary prerequisite a support relationship from governments and public institutions that did not exist in earlier times.Franklin feels that the current environmental crisis that is facing the world–polluted air and water, acid rain and global warming to name a few, are due to the infrastructures built to support technology and its divisible benefits. Because of the newfound relationship between government and the private sector and the fact that these infrastructures can’t be built without the governments of the world, the state is just as much to blame for the current condition of the environment as any polluting cooperation.The difference between a private company and the government, Franklin insists, is that citizens surrendered some of their individual autonomy (and some of their money) to the state for the protection and advancement of the the common good – that is indivisible benefits. When governments do not attempt to stop the destruction caused by the creation of these infrastructures, the government is doing a disservice to its citizens. Just as the Industrial Revolution led to productive and holistic divisions of labor, she fears that new technologies non-communication technologies

Music and the Healing Wings Essay Example

Music and the Healing Wings Essay Example Music and the Healing Wings Paper Music and the Healing Wings Paper Essay Topic: The Healers Music has a great advantage; without mentioning anything, it can say everything (Ehrenberg). This statement gives, in a nutshell, what this essay contains. The elements of music; its power, influence and affects on both the modern world and the past one alike. Music is a combination of rhetoric and emotion. Just as the â€Å"I have A Dream† speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. empowered a people to envision positive days ahead music inspires the moment in an unforgettable way. This essay explores the different facets of music and its use with special focus given to its healing and wellness qualities. Dr. Alice Cash has a master’s degree in Social Work and combines that with a PhD in Musicology and has devoted her life to helping people through the avenue of healing music. An accomplished musician herself, she is wonderfully skilled in both the demonstration and application of the most current musicology and music therapy concepts and principles. Her warm and dynamic nature helps make her workshops informative, timely and enjoyable for participants at large (healingmusicenterprises.com). In order for the understanding to accept something like this can actually be done, it helps to know the qualities of music and the many uses for it. From the dawn of time some form of music has existed. Whether it is the beating of the drums in the deep jungles of a tropical nation, or the melodic memories of the music you grew up with, music has always had a significant role to play. When thinking about the uses of music it behooves the scholar to understand the message that particular types of music hold within themselves. It is commonplace to see people jogging down the street with iPod’s strapped to their arms listening to what has to be understood as ‘running music.’ When the exercise programs on the television start their shows they usually begin with some slow music to aid the athlete in a proper stretching exercise before beginning the rigorous exercise that will leave them breathless, yet feeling great.   In an interview by a female classmate with a twenty-three year old heavy truck salesman she learned: Music is just a part of life. You live with it all the time so it’s tough to judge what it means to you. For some people it’s a deep emotional thing, for some people it’s casual. I turn on the radio and it’s there in the morning; it’s there when I drive in; it’s there when I drive out (Crafts, 109). Reasons for listening to music has as many variances as there are genres of it, but one thing is clear: it is rhetorical in nature and it has a message. There are certain recognizable melodies that hold special meaning to different people, but then there are those melodies that have the same meaning to a very large group of people like states or even nations. This fact alone is enough to explore the hidden qualities of music and see what might be possible with the directed use of it for a specific purpose. For example, when your football team scores a touchdown, the band is not going to play a waltz, they are going to play something upbeat and exciting. Just as this is true, it is also true that music has wellness properties to it. The first one to explore is rhythm. A very simple, but effective illustration of this is the song we learn as small children. Read the following lyrics and see how it makes you feel: ‘If you’re happy and you know it clap your hands.’ This is usually followed by two claps of the hands and gets children excited. In more sophisticated terms: it activates their minds and causes them to move around. My point is this: without the use of any musical instrument, the song will still get children excited. Why? Rhythm. You put your right foot in, you take your right foot out, you put your right foot in and you shake it all about. These words also activate the energy in the little children. It is healthy for them to be active and if the songs make them move about they are getting exercise and thus the rhythm of the music is used for wellness. People are currently using in-the-moment music-making with rhythm instruments for the following types of events:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ChildbirthBirthdaysWeddingsFunerals and Memorials  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Private Parties FundraisersCorporate Trainings  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Childrens Day CampsYouth-at-Risk Programs  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   School University ProgramsProfessional Conferences  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wellness FairsHealing CirclesMens and Womens Retreats  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well-Elderly ProgramsAssisted Living Centers  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retirement CommunitiesSenior Community Centers  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spiritual Gatherings CelebrationsMeditation Services  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Community Festivals of all types (circles4drumming.com). Musical traditions were founded upon the principles of rhythm and have added many ‘flavors’ to the music tradition. Funk is one of those flavors. This is a good example because a term used by Mayor Nagin of New Orleans to encourage its people to get back to what the city was known for before Katrina, namely a particular type of music called ‘Funk.† With most listeners not knowing the reference he gave to the music genre, he found himself apologizing to those who took it as a racial remark. The term he used was ’Chocolate City.’ This is actually a song performed by a band called Parliament. It was purely a genre of music that was popular in the seventies and found a home away from home in New Orleans (amazon.com). The American Music Therapy Association, founded in 1998, boasts of 3800 memberships to present date. Their sole purpose for existing is the development of the therapeutic use of music in rehabilitation, special education, and community settings (AMA website). When study is devoted to this unique quality of music, scholars are finding many different ways to use it to help medicine in its fight against fatigue, stress, and even muscle tension. The media has played on the subject of music and what it means to people in everyday life, but in their action movies you expect some sort of high-powered music to enthrall you into their entertainment. Love songs are called love songs because of the interpretation of love in direct correlation to the song. It can be the lyrics, but it doe not have to be; it can simply be the basic rhythm that soothes or pumps the individual up. John A. Carpente, MA, NRMT, CMT at the Rebecca Center for Music Therapy published a case study involving a boy with multiple impairments and how he was able to help him communicate through music therapy. Music played a key role in rehabilitating this boy into a person who could communicate on a level that previously was impossible. The testimony of his mother:   Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ His father and I were always looking for a key to tap into Mikeys abilities. And with music therapy, I think we found a way to approach my sons abilities. It is actually one of the few therapies that we think reaches Mikey. He started working with John last September. Mikey recognizes John and plays musical games with him. That is a big step since he does not acknowledge many people. The naked eye may not see any changes in Mikey, but his Dad and I do. Instead of spinning around in circles, he actually dances to music. And just the other day, he took a can and played with it as a drum. It was so typical, just like other kids. All I could do was cry because instead of seeing a temper tantrum or a bizarre play skill, I saw a typical kidmy typical kid. Music therapy is one of the things that create an equal playing field forMikey, and for that I am very grateful (therebeccacenter.org/ library/casestudy1.html). Music is an art, so this brings a new gambit of thoughts concerning art in general. People have been known to stand in front of a painting or sculpture for hours. Could they be contemplating life’s ordeals, meditating, allowing some power the art has on them to do what is needed while they are there? Was there a real medicinal property to Shakespeare’s comedies? The only thing that will ascertain these answers, and quite possibly create more, is to get involved in the study of some particular art that affects you. It is quite possible that the true depth of healing in the arts is just beginning to be realized by more than just a crazy few. What is just as interesting is the level we understand other aspects of life and how far we have missed the medicinal properties of the arts in general. People tend to behave strangely when they are deriving some medicinal answers through the medium of art. For example, chick flicks is a genre of movies that helps to build relationships simply because the male partner in a relationship is more likely to watch one with his partner. While experiencing the ups and downs of the movie the relationships on screen get compared and contrasted to the real relationship of the couple watching the movie. One reason that nightclubs fair well on the weekend is because relationships are in need of a place to let off the stress of a busy week in the office and this is really a constructive way to do it. This is not to say that nightclubs will solve all relational problems, but they do offer the dancer a way to release pent-up emotions. Just as people find themselves hooked on drugs or alcohol and need to replenish what the body craves, so does the body crave natural ways to relieve the pressures of life. Think about the elements involved. Music, this means rhythms are going to be bouncing around the room and that will be accompanied by musical notes to add to the flavor, and before one realizes what is happening their bodies are in the process of ‘letting go.’ This is healthy; especially for the couple realizing the benefits of ‘clubbing.’ This is just one aspect of the arts doing something constructive in society. Human interaction is becoming more difficult in America as our nation becomes more intercultural. This can be viewed as a problem or an opportunity. Because it is impossible to separate the man and his native culture, America now has many cultures within its own culture. For example, Asians that have moved here have a dream of a better life or education or have some personal reason for moving to America, and they recognize their limitations caused by the lack of understanding English as opposed to their native language, but they come anyway. They come because of the benefits we, as Americans, can offer them. However, they also offer some benefits to us. One of these is music. The use of sound as a healing tool dates back thousands of years. Now, the field of sound healing is gaining considerable attention, as sound pioneers promote the healing benefits of music, tones and instruments. Jonathan Goldman, director of the Sound Healers Association, is one of the leading experts in the field (Dykeman). It is no secret that music can soothe, excite, incite, and even assist in hypnosis, so to say that music can be used as a healing tool is not as far a jump as one would think. Given the right atmosphere, almost always provided by music, you can move people to do things they would not do otherwise.If eno ugh thought is given to the subject and how it plays in our everyday lives we discover that we use it to announce a birth, to celebrate a birthday, New Year, Christmas, and almost every other holiday that can be thought of; we use it in church, at weddings, and funerals and of course, lest we forget, graduation. To think of life without it would be like going into the forest and not hearing the birds singing or the wind blowing through the trees. We are so inundated with music that trying to view life without it is nearly impossible. To ask what life would be like without music would be to try to describe a bird without a chirp. When Goldman was asked by Dykeman to describe sound healing he explained something that was a unique description of life. First, let me point out that modern science is now in agreement with what the ancient mystics have told us- that everything is in a state of vibration, from the electrons moving around the nucleus of an atom, to planets and distant galaxies moving around stars. As they’re creating movement, they are creating vibration, and this vibration can be perceived of as sound. So everything is creating a sound, including the sofa that we’re sitting on, or this table, or our bodies. Every organ, every bone, every tissue, every system of the body is creating a sound. When we are in a state of health, we’re like an extraordinary orchestra that’s playing a wonderful symphony of the self. But what happens if the second violin player loses her sheet music? She begins to play out of tune, and pretty soon the entire string section sounds bad. Pretty soon, in fact, the entire orchestra is off. This is a metaphor for disease (Dykeman). If this is true, and from all scientific proof it is, then healing can take a much less invasive approach to the process. Obviously, there are medical procedures that cannot be replaced by sound, or music healing, but the recovery process can be a lot less stressful and painful if applied properly. It should be stated that music can and is being used in a negative sense, as the interview with Goldman reveals, and since that has been proven to be true, all that is left is for people in the medical field to tap into the resources they have at their disposal and prove the opposite can also be true of music. Some surgeons like to have music played while their in surgery for various reasons, so in a directly connected way, music is already playing a bit-part in the healing process of the human body. From a purely medicinal viewpoint, nurses in hospitals are the more authoritative voice. Many of them will tell you that the healing process is the hardest facet to having surgery. The doctors did their part, but as far as the patient is concerned, the nurses that tend to them while healing are the ones who should really get applause. The doctor had a captive audience; the nurses have to interact with us while we are in pain for what the doctor did to us in the operating room. Many patients, when telling of their hospital experience, will invariably say something about the nurses who tended to their needs while healing. Florence Nightingale described the major responsibility of nursing as that of putting the patient in the best place for nature to work upon him or her for healing (Nightingale.1859/1946, p. 6). Music can be used to positively manipulate the hospital environment to foster spiritual, psychological and physical healing. Sound is an integral part of any environment and may have an impact on health and well being. Florence Nightingale provided music as part of the healing process for injured soldiers in the Crimea, and described how her nurses used voice and flute melodies to provide a beneficial effect on soldiers in pain (McCaffery). The nurse, who is the really the unsung hero in the healing process, should be the focus of energy to the development of every possible avenue that can be placed at their disposal to help alleviate some of the inevitable tension that will be felt as there are usually too few nurses available in ratio to the patients as they come to recover in a hospital room. Everybody listens to music. The argument could be made that what is music to one could be nothing more than noise to someone else, given all we know about the arts; the time that every college student has to endure in fine arts classes as general education classes needed to obtain any type of degree; given the fact that colleges pay fine art teachers real money to teach something that is most thought of as â€Å"a class I have to take,† music should be given way more attention than it has from the medical field in the past. The argument holds merit only as the teachers, doctors and nurses allow. People may not understand languages because they are separated by large bodies of water, but music can cause them to have common ground. Just because the language is different there does not have to be a barrier with music. Again, facing ambivalence from the skeptic, the nurse has to be the one who walks into the patient’s room when they are cranky due to the pain of healing. Why not make their job easier by providing some training, as part of the regular curriculum, in music and its various uses in the field of medicine. With all they face, this could cause the barrier to be removed. Maybe it is not the universal language, but it is ranks right up there with the top ones. Music is the wind beneath the nurse’s wings that leaves the patient’s room filled with healing sounds. References Ehrenberg, Ilya. (1943). A comment on the premiere of Shostakovich’s Eighth Symphony. Music as Propaganda, 1985. inside cover. Cash, Alice Dr. (2007). About Dr. Alice Cash. Healing Music Enterprises. Retrieved 24 April 2007 from, http://healingmusicenterprises.com/Alice_Cash.html Crafts, Susan D., Cavicchi, Daniel, Keil, Charles. (1993). Music is Just Part of Life, Like Air. My Music. Middletown, CT: Weselyan University Press. Vivian, Giselle Felicia. (2007). One Heartbeat Rhythm Circles. Project Heartbeat. Retrieved 24 April 2007 from, circles4drumming.com/ Parliament. (2003). Chocolate City. Parliament. 24 April 2007 from, amazon.com/Chocolate-City-Parliament/dp/B00008RV18 AMTA Website. (1999). Music Therapy Makes a Difference. American Music Therapy Association. Retrieved 24 April 2007 from, musictherapy.org/about_ind.html Carpente, John, A. (n.d.). Creative Music Therapy With a Boy With Multiple Impairments: Stepping Out of Isolation into new Experiences. Retrieved 24 April 2007 from, therebeccacenter.org/ library/casestudy1.html Dykeman, Ravi. (2007). The Sound of Healing: an Interview with Jonathan Goldman. Jonathan Goldman’s Healing Sound. Retrieved 24 April 2007 from, healingsounds.com/articles/nexus.asp McCaffery, Ruth, Dr. (September 2001). The Healing Environment and Music. Nurse to Nurse. Retrieved on 24 April 2007 from, msnnurse.com/templateSubmit.asp?SEC=NurseToNurseDetailsId=12